Guilford’s Structure of Intelligence:JP Guilford was an American psychologist who proposed the Structure of Intellect model organizing various abilities along 3 dimensions namely content, product, and operations.ĥ Content dimensions were: Visual, Auditory, Symbolic, Semantic, BehaviouralĦ Operations: Cognition, Memory recording, Memory retention, Divergent production, Convergent production, EvaluationĦ kinds of Products: Units, Classes, Relations, Systems, Transformations, Implications These abilities are:Ī) Inductive reasoning: using rules, guidelines, principlesī) Memory: memorizing, recognizing, and recallingĬ) Numerical ability: maths problems, arithmetic calculationsĭ) Perceptual speed: visualizing details, finding similarities, grouping itemsĮ) Spatial relations: visualizing, relating to objects in spaceį) Verbal comprehension: reading, verbal reasoningģ. Thurstone’s Theory of Intelligence:Louis Thurstone, instead of focusing on a single factor of intelligence as given by Spearman, suggested that intelligence consists of 7 different kinds of primary mental abilities which are independent of each other. These skills include dancing, singing, cooking, etc.Ģ. A person can have one or more specific abilities and can be exceptionally good at one activity while at the same time be terrible at another. These abilities do not support your day-to-day tasks but rather help you in enhancing your overall personality. It is important to keep practicing them as they may wear out if not used. These skills are first learned and then aced in order to maintain consistency. “s” stands for specific abilities and encompasses all those skills inculcated in you from your external environment. They are present in individuals with varied intensities and are primarily general mental energy including tasks like walking, talking, etc. These abilities are not required to be polished or improved as they remain constant and are also genetic to some extent. “g” stands for general intelligence and is an inborn ability to perform day-to-day tasks and comes naturally to one. the basic or general skills, the “g” factor, and specific skills or abilities, the “s” factor. Spearman’s Two Factor Theory:Charles Spearman, an English psychologist was the first to explain how intelligence consisted of 2 factors viz. They are:ġ) Psychometric Approach: suggests intelligence be an ability or an aggregate of multiple abilitiesĢ) Information Processing Approach: focuses on the processes used in problem-solving or other intellectual and complex tasksģ) Cognitive Developmental Approach: emphasizes individual differences in performing tasksġ.
However, 3 broad categories of studying intelligence are generally accepted. Researchers differ with respect to their idea of intelligence as one section believes there is only one type of intelligence whereas another section says there are several types of intelligence. Although some researchers are of the view that IQ scores in adulthood are a carryover of IQ scores of childhood, others believe that these scores depend on what ability, for example, cognitive, abstract reasoning, spatial relations, and verbal skills are being tested. It is easier to measure IQ in children as compared to adults as stark distinctions can be seen with respect to the capabilities between a 5-year-old and 8-year-old as compared to 30- and 35-year-old adults. A score of 100 is considered average and in line with the population, anything around 140 is classified as gifted and those with scores below 85 are said to be impaired.
The IQ score of an individual is computed based on a number of parameters or abilities and compared to the average population of that age. An attempt to define intelligence was made about a hundred years ago through what is known as an Intelligence Quotient (IQ). Intelligence tests are a method for assessing an individual’s mental aptitudes and comparing those with others using numerical scores. Intelligence can be defined as the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new experiences.
Various debates and discussions over it have led to different perspectives or aspects related to intelligence surface. Subjective in nature as different people have their own interpretation of what they consider smart, brainy, or intelligent.
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